Quote by Túpac Amaru II: “No Spaniard in America has the right to rule.”

This declaration rejects the legitimacy of Spanish colonial power, asserting the sovereignty and inherent rights of the indigenous peoples over their own lands. It’s a core statement of liberation and self-determination for the continent.

Part of his proclamation issued during the early stages of his rebellion, denouncing Spanish colonial rule and calling for the liberation of all people born in Peru from foreign domination.

18th-century indigenous Peruvian leader, born José Gabriel Condorcanqui, who led the largest indigenous uprising against Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. He was captured and publicly executed in 1781 in Cuzco. He is a foundational symbol of indigenous resistance and Latin American independence movements.